英语构词法
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英语构词法
构词法
掌握英语构词法会帮助你大增你的词汇量. 你所需要做的是记住英语
构词法的英语词汇常用前缀, 英语词汇常用后缀, 英语词汇常用词根,
重申: 记住英语常见前缀, 英语常见后缀, 英语常见词根将帮助你
大增你的词汇量! 学词汇的捷径!
一. 常见的前缀
前缀往往改变词根的词义，
1. 指否定意义的前缀
a-, an-, in-, ig-, il-, im-, ir-, dis-, non-, un- 纯否定前缀:
asymmetry（不对称）anhydrous（无水的）, dishonest, dislike,
incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal,
irregular, noesense. unable
mal-, mis-, pseudo-, 指错误的意义: malfunction, mistake, pseudonym
de-, dis-, un-, 指反动作的意思: defend, disconnect, unload
anti-, contra-, counter-, 指相反，相互对立意思: antiforeign,
contradiction, counterreaction
2. 指空间位置，方向关系的前缀
a-, 指“在……之上”，“向……”: aboard, aside,
by-, 指“附近，邻近，边侧”bypass(弯路)
circum-, circu-, 指“周围，环绕，回转”: circumstance, circuit
de-, 指“在下，向下”: descend, degrade
en-, 指“在内，进入”: encage, enbed(上床)
ex-, ec-, es-, 指“外部，外”: exit, eclipse, expand, export
extra-, 指“额外”: extraction （提取）
fore-, 指“在前面”: forehead, foreground
in-, il-, im-, ir-, 指“向内，在内，背于”: inland, invade, inside, import
inter-, intel-, 指“在……间，相互”: international,
interaction, internet
intro-, 指“向内，在内，内侧”: introduce, introduce
medi-, med-, mid-, 指“中，中间”: Mediterranean, midposition
out-, 指“在上面，在外部，在外”: outline, outside
over-, 指“在上面，在外部，向上”: overhead, overboard
post-, 指"向后，在后边，次”: postscript(附言)，
pre-, 指"在前”在前面”: prefix, preface, preposition
pro-, 指“在前，向前”: progress, proceed,
sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-,
指“在下面，下”: subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement
super-, sur-, 指“在…..之上”: superficial, surface, superstructure
trans-, 指“移上，转上，在那一边”: translate, transform, transoceanic
under-, 指“在…..下面，下的”: underline, underwater
up-, 指“向上，向上面，在上”: upward, uphold, uphill
3. 指时间，序列关系的前缀
ante-, anti-, 指“先前，早于，预先”: antecedent, anticipate,
ex-, 指“先，故，旧”: expresident, exhusband
fore-, 指“在前面，先前，前面”: foreward, foretell(预言)
mid-, medi-, 指“中，中间”: midnight, midsummer
post-, 指“在后，后”: postwar
pre-, pri-, 指“在前，事先，预先”: preheat, prewar
pro-, 指“在前，先，前”: prologue(序幕)，prophet(预言家)
re-, 指“再一次，重新”: retell, rewrite
4. 指比较程度差别关系的前缀
by-, 指“副，次要的”: byproduct, bywork(副业)
extra-, 指“超越，额外”: extraordinary,
hyper-, 指“超过，极度”: hypersonic(超声波), hypertesion
out-, 指“超过，过分”: outdo(超过), outbid(出价过高的人)
over-，指“超过，过度，太”: overeat, overdress, oversleep
sub-, suc-, sur-, 指“低，次，副，亚”: subeditor, subtropical(亚热带)
super-, sur-, 指“超过”: supernature, superpower, surplus
under-, 指“低劣，低下”: undersize, undergrown
vice-, 指“副，次”: vicepresident, vicechairman
5. 指共同，相等意思的前缀
com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co-, 指“共同，一起”: connect, combine, collect,
combat, coexist, co-operate
syn-, syl-,sym-, 指“同，共，和，类”: symmetry, sympathy, synthesis(合成)
6. 指整个完全意思的前缀
al-, 指“完整，完全”: alone, almost,
over-, 指“完全，全”: overall, overflow(充满)
pan-, 指“全，总，万”: panentheism(泛神论)，panorama
7. 指分离，离开意思的前缀
a- ab-, abs-, 指“分离，离开”: away, apart, abstract, abstain
de-, 指“离去，处去”: depart, decolour,
dis-, di-, dif-, 指“分离，离开”: divorce, disarm(缴械)
ex-, e-, 指“离开，分离”: expel, exclude
for-, 指“离开，脱离”: forget, forgive
re-, 指“离开”: release, resolve
se-, 指“分离，隔离”: separate, seduce, select
8. 指通过，遍及意思的前缀
dia-, 指“通过，横过”: diameter, diagram,
per-,指“通，总，遍”: perfect, perform, pervade(浸透)
trans-, 指“横过，贯通”: transparent, transmit
9. 指加强意思的前缀
a-, arouse, ashamed
ad-, adjoin, adhere( 粘着)
10. 指变换词类作用的前缀
be-, befriend,
en-, enslave, enable, enrich
ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-,
adapt, accord, affix, aggression, arrive, assist, attend,
attract, arrange, assign(委派)
11. 指数量关系的前缀
mon-, mon-, uni-, un-, 指“单一”，“一”: monotone(单调)，
monopoly, monarch, uniform
ambi-, bi-, bin-, di-, 指“二，两，双”: ambiguous, amphibian(两栖类),
bicycle, diode(二级管)，
deca-, deco-, dec- deci-, 指“十”: decade, decimals
hecto-, hect-, centi-, 指"百，百分子一": ectometer, centimeter
kilo-, 指"千，千分子一”: kilometer
mega-, meg-, micro-, 指"万，万分子一”: megabyte
multi-, mult-, 指"许多，复，多数”: multipmetre (万用表)
poly-, polysyllable,
hemi-, demi-, semi-, pene-, pen-, 指“半，一半”: hemisphere,
demiofficial semiconductor,
semitransparent, peninsula
12. 指特殊意义的前缀
arch-, 指“首位，第一的，主要的”: architect, archbishop
auto-, 指“自己，独立，自动”: automobile, autobiography
bene-, 指“善，福”: benefit
eu-, 指“优，美好”: eugenics(优生学)，euphemism
mal-, 指“恶，不良”: maltreatment
macro-, 指“大，宏大”: macroscopic(宏观)
magni-, 指“大”: magnificent
micro-, 指“微”: microscope
13. 指术语的前缀
aud-, 指“听，声”: audience,
bio-, 指“生命，生物”: biography(传记)
ge-, 指“地球，大地”: geography
phon-, 指“声，音调”: phonograph
tele-, 指“远离”: television, telephone
二. 常见的后缀
后缀改变的是原词根的词性
1. 名词后缀
(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人
-an, -ain, 指"……地方的人，精通……的人” American, historian,
-al, 指"具有……职务的人" principal,
-ant, -ent, 指"……者” merchant, agent, servant, student,
-ar, 指"……的人” scholar, liar, peddler
-ard, -art, 指"做……的人”coward, laggard, braggart
-arian, 指"……派别的人， ……主义的人”: vegetarian
-ary, 指"从事……的人" secretary, missionary
-ant, 指"具有……职责的人" candidate, graduate
-ator, 指"做……的人" educator, speculator(投机者)
-crat, 指"某种政体，主义的支持者" democrat, bureaucrat
-ee, 指"动作承受者" employee, examinee
-eer, 指"从事于……人" engineer, volunteer
-er, 指"从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人" banker,
observer, Londoner, villager
-ese, 指" ……国人，…..地方的人”Japanese, Cantonese
-ess, 指"阴性人称名词， actress, hostess, manageress
-eur, 指"……家” amateur, littérateur
-ian, 指"……地方人，信仰…….教的人，从事……职业的人”
Christian, physician(内科医生)，musician
-ician, 指"精通者， ……家，”: magician, technician
-icist, 指"……家， …….者, …….能手”physicist, technicist
-ic, 指"……者，……师" mechanic, critic
-ie, 指"爱，指小" dearie, auntie, lassie(小姑娘)
-ier, 指"从事……职业” cavalier, clothier, brazier(黄铜匠)
-ine, ian, 指"阴性人称" heroine, ballerina
-ist, 指"从事……研究者，信仰……主义者" communist, dentist, artist
-ive, 指"动作者，行为者” native, captive
-logist, 指"……学家，研究者" biologist, geologist(地质学家)
-or, 指"……者" author, doctor, operator,
-ster, 指"做…….事情的人”youngster, gamester(赌徒)
-yer, 指" 从事……职业者” lawyer
(2). 构成，具有抽象名词的意思
-acy, 指"性质，状态，境遇" accuracy, diplomacy
-age, 指"状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称" courage, storage, marriage
-al, a) 指"事物的动作，过程”refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval
b) 指具体的事物manual, signal, editorial, journal
-ance, -ence, 指"性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度” endurance, importance,
diligence, difference, obedience
-ancy, -ency, 指"性质，状态，行为，过程" frequency, urgency, efficiency,
-bility, 指"动作，性质，状态" possibility, feasibility,
-craft, 指"工艺，技巧” woodcraft, handicraft
-cracy, 指"统治，支配" bureaucracy, democracy
-cy, 指"性质，状态，职位，级别" bankruptcy(破产)，supremacy
-dom, 指"等级，领域，状态" freedom, kingdom, wisdom
-ery, -ry, 指"行为，状态，习性" bravery, bribery, rivalry
-ety, 指"性质，状态” variety, dubiety(怀疑)
-faction, -facture, 指"作成，……化，作用" satisfaction, manufacture
-hood, 指"资格，身份, 年纪，状态" childhood, manhood
-ice, 指"行为，性质，状态" notice, justice, service
-ine, 指"带有抽象概念" medicine, discipline, famine
-ing, 指"动作的过程，结果" building, writing, learning
-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 指"行为的过程，结果，状况" action,
solution, conclusion, destruction,
expression, correction
-ise, 指"性质，状态” exercise, merchandise(商业)
-ism, 指"制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为" socialism, criticism, heroism
-ity, 指"性质，状态，程度” purity, reality, ability, calamity
-ment, 指"行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果 treatment, movement,
judgment, punishment, argument
-mony, 指"动作的结果，状态" ceremony, testimony
-ness, 指"性质，状态，程度" goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness
-or, -our, 指"动作，性质，状态" favor, error,
-osity, 指"动作，状态” curiosity
-ship, 指"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业” hardship, membership
-th, 指"动作，性质，过程，状态" depth, wealth, truth, length, growth
-tude, 指"性质，状态，程度" latitude, altitude(海拔)
-ure, 指"行为，结果" exposure, pressure, failure, procedure，
-y, 指"行为的结果，状态，性质” history, victory, inquiry
(3) 带有场所，地方的意思
-age, 指"住所，地点" village, cottage
-ary, 指"住所，场地" library, granary (谷仓)
-ery, ry, 指"工作场所，饲养所，地点" laundry, nursery, surgery
-ory, 指"工作场所，住处" factory, dormitory, laboratory
(4) 带有学术，科技意思
-grapy, 指"……学，写法” biography, calligraphy, geography
-ic, ics, 指"……学……法" logic, mechanics, optics, electronics
-ology, 指"……学……论”biology, zoology, technology(工艺学)
-nomy, 指"……学……术" astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学)
-ery, 指"学科，技术" chemistry, cookery, machinery
-y, 指"……学，术，法” photography, philosophy
(5) 指人和事物的总和，集合意思
-age, baggage, tonnage
-dom, newspaperdom(新闻界)
-hood, neighbourhood, womanhood
-ery, cavalry, ministry(内阁)
-ure, legislature, judicature
(6) 指物品和物质名称的意思
-ant, ent, solvent, constant
-al, signal, pictorial(画报)
-ar, collar, pillar(石柱)
-er, boiler, computer, washer, cooker
-ery, drapery(绸缎)
-ing, clothing, matting,
-ment, instrument, equipment, attachment
(7) 指“细小”的意思
-cle, particle,
-cule, molecule(分子)
-el, parcel
-en, chicken, maiden
-et, pocket, ticket
-etta, -ette, etto, cigarette, essayette(短文)
-kin, napkin
-ling, duckling,
-let, booklet
-y, baby, doggy
2. 形容词后缀
（1）带有“属性，倾向，相关”的意思
-able, -ible, movable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible
-al, natural, additional, educational
-an, ane, urban, suburban, republican
-ant, -ent, distant, important, excellent
-ar, similar, popular, regular
-ary, military, voluntary
-ice, -atie, ical, politic, systematic, historic, physical,
-ine, masculine, feminine, marine
-ing, moving, touching, daring
-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish
-ive, active, impressive, decisive
-ory, satisfactory, compulsory
-il, -ile, -eel, fragile, genteel(文雅的)
(2) 指“相象，类似”的意思
-ish, boyish, childish
-esque, picturesque
-like, manlike, childlike
-ly, manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly
-some, troublesome, handsome
-y, milky, pasty
(3) 指“充分的”意思
-ful, beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful
-ous, dangerous, generous, courageous, various
-ent, violent,
(4) 指由某种物质形成，制成或生产的意思
-en, wooden, golden, woolen
-ous, gaseous
-fic, scientific
(5) 指方向的意思
-ern, eastern, western
-ward, downward, forward
(6) 指“倍数”的意思
-ble, double, treble
-ple, triple
-fold, twofold, tenfold
(7) 指“数量关系”的意思
-teen, thirteen
-ty, fifty
-th, fourth, fiftieth
(8) 指国籍，语种，宗教的意思
-an, Roman, European
-ese, Chinese,
-ish, English, Spanish
(9) 指“比较程度”的意思
-er, greater
-ish, reddish, yellowish
-est, highest
-most, foremost, topmost
(10)其他的意思
-less, 指否定，countless, stainless, wireless
3. 动词后缀
-ize, ise, 指"做成，变成，……化“modernize, mechanize, democratize
-en, 指"使成为，引起，使有” quicken, weaken, soften, harden
-fy, 指"使……化, 使成”beautify, purify, intensify, simplify
-ish, 指"使，令” finish, abolish, diminish, establish
-ate, 指“成为……，处理，作用” separate, operate, indicate
4. 副词后缀
-ly, possibly, swiftly, simply
-ward, -wards, downward, inwards, upward
-ways, always, sideways
-wise, otherwise, clockwise
三. 常见的词根
aer, ar, 意思是“空气，大气” aeroplane, aerial,
ag, act, ig, 意思是“做，动作” active, agent, reaction,
alt, 意思是“高”， altitude,
alter, altern, altr, 意思是“其它，变更” alternate,
bio, bi, bion, 意思是“生物，生命” biology, bionics(仿生学)
brev, bri, brief, 意思是“短” brief, abbreviation, abridge(节略)
cap, capt, cept, cip, 意思是“取，获” capture, except, capacity
ced, ceed, cess, 意思是“行，让步” proceed, succeed, excess(过度)
centr, centr, 意思是“中心” concentrate, eccentric(偏心的)
clain, clam, 意思是“呼喊” claim, proclaim, exclaim
clos, clud, 意思是“闭合” conclude, enclose, include
col, cult, 意思是“耕耘” colony, cultivate, agriculture
cor, cord, 意思是“心” cordial, record, accord
curr, cur, cour, 意思是“跑，动作” current, occur, concurrence
dic, dict, 意思是“说，示” dictate, edit, indicate, predict
doc, doct, 意思是“教” doctor, document
duc, duct意思是“引导，传导” introduce, produce, conduct
fact, fac, fect, dic, dit, 意思是“做，创造” factory, effect,
profit, faculty, perfect
fend, fens, 意思是“打，击” defence, offence
fer, 意思是“搬运，移转” ferry, transfer, defer(迟延)
fin, finit, 意思是“终，极” final, finish, confine
firm, 意思是“坚固” firm, confirm, affirm(断定)
fix, 意思是“固定” prefix, affix(附加)
flect, flex, 意思是“弯曲” flexible, reflex
flor, flour, flower, 意思是“花” flower, flourish
form, 意思是“形” uniform, formula, transform, reform, deform
forc, fort, 意思是“力，强度” force, enforce, effort
gen, 意思是“生产，发生” generate, generation
gram, graph, 意思是“书写，记录” telegram, diagram, photograph
grad, gress, gred, gree, 意思是“步，阶段” gradually, degree, progress
hab, habit, hibit, 意思是“保持，住” inhabit, exhibit, prohibit
her, hes, 意思是“粘附” adhere, cohesion
ject, jet, 意思是“抛射” project, inject
jour, 意思是“日，一天” journal(日记), journey, adjourn(延期)
jug, junct, 意思是“结合，连合” conjunction, junction(连合)
labour, labor, 意思是“劳动，工作” labourer, elaborate, collaborate
lect, leg, lig, 意思是“挑选，采集” collect, select, lecture
lif, liv, 意思是“生活，生存” life, alive, live
loc, 意思是“场所，位置” location, dislocate(脱位)
long, leng, ling, 意思是“长的” length, prolong, linger
loqu, locut, 意思是“说话” colloquial, eloquent,
mand, mend, 意思是“命令” command, demand, recommend
man, manu, 意思是“手，手法” manage, manual
memor, menber, 意思是“记忆” memory, remember, memorial
mind, ment, 意思是“心” mind, remind, mental
merc, merch, 意思是“贸易” commerce, merchant
meas, mens, meter, metr, 意思是“测量，度量” measure, meter, diameter
min, 意思是“小” diminish, minority
miss, mit, 意思是“派遣，送” mission, dismiss, transmit
mob, mot, mov, 意思是“动” movement, motion, mobile, remove
nect, nex, 意思是“捆扎” connect, disconnect, annex(合并)
not, 意思是“记号，注意” note, denote, annotation(注释)
onom, onym, 意思是“名字” synonym, antonym, anonymous
pair, par, 意思是“a)相同，对等b)准备” compare, prepare
pel, puls, 意思是“追逐” expel, impel(推进)
pend, pens, pond, 意思是“悬挂” depend, independent, expense
phon, 意思是“声音” symphony, telephone, microphone
plac, 意思是“位置，场所” place, replace
peopl, popul, publ, 意思是“人民，民众” public, republic, popular
port, 意思是“搬运” export, import, deport(输送)
press, 意思是“压，压制” pressure, express, oppress, impression
prob, proof, prov, 意思是“实验，验证” prove, approve,
quer, quest, quir, quis, 意思是“寻找，探问” inquiry, question, inquisition
rang, rank, 意思是“排列” arrange, rank,
rect, right, rig, 意思是“正，直” correct, direct, erect
riv, 意思是“河流，流远”，river, arrive, derive
rupt, 意思是“破坏，毁坏” eruption, bankrupt, corruption
sci, 意思是“认识，知识” science, conscious
scrib, script, 意思是“书写，记录” describe, script
sens, sent, 意思是“感觉，情感” sensation, sentiment
sign, 意思是“标记，符号” signal, signature, design
sembl, simil, 意思是“相似，类似” similar, resemble
soci, 意思是“结合，社交” social, association
spec, spect, spitc, spis, 意思是“看，视” inspect, spectator, conspicuous
struct, 意思是“建筑，构造” structure, construct, instruct, destruction
tect, teg, 意思是“遮蔽，掩盖” detect, protect
temp, tens, 意思是“时间，时机” tense, contemporary, temporal
tend, tes, tent, 意思是“倾向, 伸张” tendency, intension, extend, intend
test, 意思是“证明，证实” testify, protest, contest(争论)
text, 意思是“编织， 构成” textile, texture, context
tract, trail, 意思是“拖拉，吸引” attract, tractor, contract
tribut, 意思是“给予” contribution, distribute
us, ut, 意思是“用，使用” usable, utilize, abuse
vac, van, 意思是“空，虚” vacancy, vanity, evacuate(清空)
vad, vas, wad, 意思是“走，去” invade, wade, evade(逃避)
vers, vert, 意思是“旋转，反转” convert, inversion(倒转)，reverse, divert
vid, vis, vey, view, 意思是“看见” television, visible, evident, interview
viv, vit, 意思是“生，活” vivid, vital, survival,
war, ward, 意思是“注意，保护” aware, wary(谨慎)， ward(守护)
way, 意思是“路” way, away, subway, always
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